Enhancing Endotoxin Detection

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are methods for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a sample. Kits for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a sample are provided.

BACKGROUND

Endotoxin, also known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is an integral component of the gram-negative bacterial cell membrane and is responsible for many, if not all, of the toxic effects that occur during gram-negative bacterial sepsis. LPS is a mixture of glycolipids consisting of a variable polysaccharide domain covalently bound to a conserved glucosamine-based phospholipid known as lipid A. LPS directly stimulates host monocytes and macrophages to secrete a wide array of inflammatory cytokines that include tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). Excessive release of these cytokines by host macrophages contributes to organ failure and death that occur after episodes of gram-negative bacterial sepsis. The pro-inflammatory bioactivities exhibited by LPS typically reside in the lipid A moiety.

SUMMARY

Provided herein are methods for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a sample. For example, provide is a method for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a sample comprising contacting the sample with one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides in the presence of an inactive acidic protease, and determining whether the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides bind to the sample. Binding indicates the sample contains gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide. Also provided herein are methods for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a sample comprising contacting the sample with an active acidic protease under conditions that result in degradation of the proteins in the sample, contacting the sample with one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides in the presence of an inactive acidic protease, and determining whether the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides bind to the sample.

Provided is a method for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a sample comprising contacting the sample with an active acidic protease under conditions that result in degradation of the proteins in the sample, further contacting the sample with an amebocyte lysate, and determining whether a gelation reaction occurs in the amebocyte lysate.

Kits for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a sample are provided. The kits comprise an acidic protease. The kits also comprise one or more amebocyte lysates and/or one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides.

The details of one or more aspects are set forth in the accompanying drawings and description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1B show positive product control (PPC) recovery and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) recovery in peptide x sample. Data shown is from 60 minute PyroGene® (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland) incubation. FIG. 1A is a graph representing the ability to recover 1 Endotoxin Unit (EU)/ml PPC spike before and after Pepsin digestion. Without Pepsin there is a 0% recovery indicating complete assay inhibition with intact Peptide X. Upon addition of Pepsin, Peptide X is degraded and PPC recovery increases to as much as 75%. Industry standards dictate that a PPC recovery in the 50-200% range is acceptable. FIG. 1B is a graph representing the ability to recover the 250 EU/ml (calculated) added to the Peptide X sample prior to incubation. As with the PPC recovery in FIG. 1A, samples with intact Peptide X result in 100% assay inhibition. Addition of Pepsin is accompanied by an increase in LPS recovery to 154 EU/ml.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing LPS recovery in bovine serum albumin (BSA) sample. Data shown is from the 60 minute PyroGene® (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland) incubation. This graph represents the ability to recover the 100 EU/ml (calculated) LPS added to the BSA sample prior to incubation. With BSA, PPC recovery was sufficient in all samples, including non-digested BSA. The sample with intact BSA showed 58 EU/ml. Addition of Pepsin is accompanied by a steady increase in LPS recovery to 77 EU/ml, indicating a 33% increase in sensitivity in samples treated with Pepsin.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of pepsin on recombinant Factor C (rFC) activity. Data shown is from the 60 minute PyroGene® (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland) incubation. Solid black line with closed black circles for data points indicates results from LPS in water. Solid black line with open circles for data points indicates results from LPS in water containing 0.05% Pepsin. Dotted black line with triangles for data points indicates the value of water. Treatment with Pepsin enhances the activity of the rFC Enzyme as evidenced by the increase in fluorescene.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Since endotoxin contains a negative charge, a lipid and a carbohydrate, many proteins are known to bind endotoxin and affect the ability of assays to properly measure it. Specifically, proteins binding to endotoxin can cause either inhibition or enhancement in the standard assays resulting in false positives and negatives, as well as affecting accuracy. For example, serine protease inhibitors, such as, soybean trypsin inhibitor, alpha2 macroglobulin, aprotinin, anti-plasmin, anti-thrombin III, anti-trypsin and hirudin, inhibit methods of detecting endotoxin. As described in the examples below, treatment of such samples, including serum and blood samples, with an acidic protease degrades the proteins in the sample without affecting endotoxin, thus, increasing the accuracy of endotoxin detection assays. The acidic proteases can be used in, for example, LAL, Factor C and cytokine ELISA assays. There are a variety of assays for the diagnosis of gram negative bacterial infections. The current assay used by pharmaceutical and medical industries is based on a substance called Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL). The lysate contains proteins that react in the presence of endotoxins.

Factor C is a serine protease zymogen. It is the key enzyme in the C. rotundicauda amebocyte lysate (CAL) that is activated by LPS to initiate the coagulation cascade. Factor C activity is the basis of a sensitive assay for femtogram levels of endotoxin used in the quality control of pharmaceutical products. The importance of Factor C in the detection of endotoxin has led to the expression of recombinant Factor C, rFC, as an alternative source to alleviate the batch-to-batch and seasonal variation in the sensitivity of detection of endotoxin.

Inactive acidic proteases, such as inactive pepsin and inactive HIV protease, enhance the activity of Factor C by acting as a chaperone and maintaining Factor C in proper conformation. The ability of inactive pepsin and inactive HIV protease to act as chaperones has been described (Hulko et al., Protein Science 16:644-53 (2007)).

Provided herein are improved methods and kits for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a sample. For example, provided herein are methods for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a sample comprising contacting the sample with one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides in the presence of an inactive acidic protease, and determining whether the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides bind to the sample. Binding indicates the sample contains gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide. Optionally, the method further comprises inactivating the acidic protease prior to contacting the sample with the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides. Optionally, the method further comprising contacting the sample with an active acidic protease under conditions that result in degradation of the proteins in the sample prior to contacting the sample with the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides. Provided herein are methods for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a sample comprising contacting the sample with an active acidic protease under conditions that result in degradation of the proteins in the sample, contacting the sample with one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides in the presence of an inactive acidic protease, and determining whether the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides bind to the sample. Binding indicates the sample contains gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide. Optionally, the method further comprises inactivating the acidic protease after contacting the sample with the active acidic protease. Optionally, a digestion buffer comprises the active acidic protease. Optionally, the acidic protease is inactivated by a pH of about 7.0.

Also provided is a method for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a sample comprising contacting the sample with an active acidic protease under conditions that result in degradation of the proteins in the sample, further contacting the sample with an amebocyte lysate, and determining whether a gelation reaction occurs in the amebocyte lysate. A gelation reaction indicates the sample contains gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide. Optionally, the amebocyte lysate is selected from the group consisting of lysates of Limulus polyphemus, Tachypleus tridentatus, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Tachypleus gigas.

Lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides suitable for use in the provided methods and kits include lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides of an amebocyte lysate. The amebocyte lysate is, optionally, selected from the group consisting of lysates of Limulus polyphemus, Tachypleus tridentatus, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Tachypleus gigas. Optionally, the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are polypeptides comprising a lipopolysaccharide binding domain of a Factor C protein. The endotoxin/lipid A-binding domain of Factor C lies within the amino terminal portion of the protein encompassed by rFCES; that is, the first 350 amino acids, numbered as in SEQ ID NO:8. The Factor C protein and its domains, including sushi domains, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,719,973, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. U.S. Pat. No. 6,719,973 also discloses sushi peptides of the Factor C protein and methods for making and using the sushi peptides. Thus, the lipopolysaccharide binding domain of a Factor C protein is optionally a sushi domain or peptide. The lipopolysaccharide binding domain of a Factor C protein is, for example, amino acids 1-333 of a Factor C protein (e.g., amino acids 1-333 of SEQ ID NO:8), amino acids 29-330 of SEQ ID NO:8, a sushi 1 domain of a Factor C protein (e.g., amino acids 29-201 of SEQ ID NO:8), a sushi 2 domain of a Factor C protein (e.g., amino acids 195-260 of SEQ ID NO:8), a sushi 3 domain of a Factor C protein (e.g., amino acids 264-330 of SEQ ID NO:8), a sushi 1 peptide (SEQ ID NO:1), a sushi 2 peptide (SEQ ID NO:2), a sushi 3 peptide (SEQ ID NO:3), a sushi 1Δ peptide (SEQ ID NO:4), a sushi 3Δ peptide (SEQ ID NO:5), a sushi 4 peptide (SEQ ID NO:6) or a sushi 5 peptide (SEQ ID NO:7).

Optionally, the step of contacting the sample with the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides comprises contacting the sample with a dimer or a tetramer comprising a lipopolysaccharide binding domain of a Factor C protein. As used herein, the phrase Factor C dimer refers to two molecules of a Factor C protein or portion thereof linked together. The provided Factor C dimers comprise a first and a second polypeptide, wherein the first and second polypeptides each comprise a lipopolysaccharide binding domain of a Factor C protein. Optionally, the first and second polypeptide are the same or different polypeptides. Optionally, the lipopolysaccharide binding domain of a Factor C protein is a sushi peptide. The sushi peptide can be a sushi 1 peptide (SEQ ID NO:1), a sushi 2 peptide (SEQ ID NO:2), a sushi 3 peptide (SEQ ID NO:3), a sushi 1Δ peptide (SEQ ID NO:4), a sushi 3Δ peptide (SEQ ID NO:5), a sushi 4 peptide (SEQ ID NO:6) or a sushi 5 peptide (SEQ ID NO:7). Optionally, the sushi peptide is a sushi 3 peptide or a sushi 3Δ peptide. Optionally, the polypeptides of the Factor C dimer are linked by disulfide bonds. A disulfide bond is a bond between cysteine residues. Optionally, each of the first and second polypeptides that comprise the Factor C dimer consists of SEQ ID NOs:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7.

The term protein, peptide, polypeptide, or peptide portion is used broadly herein to mean two or more amino acids linked by a peptide bond. It should be recognized that the terms peptide and polypeptide are not used herein to suggest a particular size or number of amino acids comprising the molecule and that a peptide can contain up to several amino acid residues or more. The provided peptides are produced by a proteolytic reaction on a polypeptide, i.e., a peptide produced upon cleavage of a peptide bond in the polypeptide. The provided peptides are optionally produced using methods of chemical synthesis or methods of recombinant DNA technology, to produce a synthetic polypeptide. For example, the provided peptides are synthesized using stepwise solid phase peptide synthesis on 2-chlorotrityl resin using standard Fmoc protecting groups and pseudo-prolines. Alternatively, the peptides are synthesized by combining two or more smaller peptides that have been chemically synthesized.

Nucleic acids that encode the aforementioned peptide sequences, variants and fragments thereof are also disclosed. These sequences include all degenerate sequences related to a specific polypeptide sequence, i.e., all nucleic acids having a sequence that encodes one particular polypeptide sequence as well as all nucleic acids, including degenerate nucleic acids, encoding the disclosed variants and derivatives of the polypeptide sequences. Thus, while each particular nucleic acid sequence may not be written out herein, it is understood that each and every sequence is in fact disclosed and described herein through the disclosed protein sequence. A wide variety of expression systems are used to produce Factor C peptides as well as fragments, isoforms, and variants.

The nucleic acid sequences provided herein are examples of the genus of nucleic acids and are not intended to be limiting. Also provided are expression vectors comprising nucleic acids that encode the peptide sequences, variants or fragments thereof, wherein the nucleic acids are operably linked to an expression control sequence. Further provided are cultured cells comprising the expression vectors. Such expression vectors and cultured cells can be used to make the provided peptides.

By isolated or purified is meant a composition (e.g., a polypeptide or nucleic acid) that is substantially free from other materials, including materials with which the composition is normally associated in nature. The polypeptides of the invention, or fragments thereof, are obtained, for example, by extraction from a natural source, by expression of a recombinant nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide (e.g., in a cell or in a cell-free translation system), or by chemically synthesizing the polypeptide.

In the provided methods and kits, the lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are optionally labeled with a detectable moiety or further comprise a reporter protein or affinity tag. The lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are directly labeled or indirectly labeled (e.g., by a secondary or tertiary antibody that is labeled with a detectable moiety). Numerous labels are available including, but not limited to radioisotopes, fluorescent labels, and enzyme-substrate labels. Radioisotopes include, for example, ³⁵S, ¹⁴C, ¹²⁵I, ³H, and ¹³¹I. Fluorescent labels include, for example, rare earth chelates (europium chelates), fluorescein and its derivatives, rhodamine and its derivatives, dansyl, Lissamine, phycoerythrin and Texas Red. The labels are optionally conjugated to the antigen binding partner using the techniques disclosed in Current Protocols in Immunology, Volumes 1 and 2, Coligen et al., Ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, N.Y., Pubs., (1991), for example.

When using enzyme-substrate labels, the enzyme preferably catalyses a chemical alteration of the chromogenic substrate, which can be measured using various techniques. For example, the enzyme catalyzes a color change in a substrate, which can be measured spectrophotometrically. Alternatively, the enzyme alters the fluorescence or chemiluminescence of the substrate. The chemiluminescent substrate becomes electronically excited by a chemical reaction and then emits light which can be measured (using a chemiluminometer, for example), or donates energy to a fluorescent acceptor. Examples of enzymatic labels include luciferases (e.g., firefly luciferase and bacterial luciferase), luciferin, 2,3-dihydrophthalazinediones, malate dehydrogenase, urease, peroxidase such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase, β-galactosidase, glucoamylase, lysozyme, saccharide oxidases (e.g., glucose oxidase, galactose oxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), heterocyclic oxidases (such as uricase and xanthine oxidase), lactoperoxidase, microperoxidase, and the like. Techniques for conjugating enzymes are described in O'Sullivan et al., Methods for the Preparation of Enzyme-Antibody Conjugates for use in Enzyme Immunoassay, in Methods in Enzym. (ed J. Langone & H. Van Vunakis), Academic press, New York, 73: 147-166 (1981). Examples of enzyme-substrate combinations include, for example, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with hydrogen peroxidase as a substrate, alkaline phosphatase (AP) with para-Nitrophenyl phosphate as chromogenic substrate, and β-D-galactosidase (β-D-Gal) with a chromogenic substrate (e.g. p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactosidase) or fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-galactosidase.

An assay is optionally employed wherein the lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are attached to a solid support, such as, for example, a column, chip, or plate. The solid support is optionally a mobile solid support (e.g., a bead). A sample derived from the subject or control is passed over (i.e., contacted with) the solid support. Labeled lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are then added to the solid support. The amount of label detected that is attached to the target is correlated to a quantity of target in the sample. For example, a lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptide is immobilized on the bottom of a microtiter plate. A sample to be tested is then added to the microtiter plate under conditions that allow binding of the lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptide to gram negative bacteria, endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide if present in the sample. A second lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptide that is labeled with, for example, biotin, is added to the microtiter plate. The labeled polypeptide is detected with avidin coupled to alkaline phosphatase. The avidin coupled to alkaline phosphatase detects bound and labeled polypeptide by liberating p-nitrophenol from a p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNA) substrate producing a yellow color that can be measured at 405 nm.

FACS sorting is used to detect and quantitate, for example, fluorescently labeled beads. For example, the lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptide is linked to a bead. The beads are then contacted with a sample to be tested. A second lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptide that is labeled with, for example, a fluorescent label is added to the beads that have been contacted with the test sample. The bound, labeled beads are then detected and quantitated using a FACS sorter on the basis of one or more fluorescent labels. Optionally, the beads are magnetic beads or fluorescent beads. For example, the lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptide is linked to a mobile solid support such as a bead, which can be added to a biological sample, such as whole blood or blood products like serum, and removed by centrifugation. Optionally, the lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptide is linked to a magnetic bead, such as an iron bead, and removed by a magnetic field.

By way of another example, the lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptide is immobilized on an immobile solid support, such as, for example, a column, filter or membrane. Thus, the lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptide is immobilized, for example, on a hemodialysis membrane or filtration system to remove bacteria and/or endotoxin from whole blood or blood products. Thus, support as used herein refers to any support matrix, such as those solid supports known in the art, which serve to immobilize the lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptide. Suitable supports include, but are not limited to, glass, agarose, plastic, silica, polyacrylamide, hydrogels, gels, membranes, filters, meshes, beads or particles comprised of or coated with cellulose, acrylates, polyacrylates, polyhydroxymethacrylates, polystyrene, dextran, agarose, polysaccharides, hydrophilic vinyl polymers, polymerized derivatives, as well as any porous or non-porous matrices.

Optionally, the lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides further comprise a reported protein or affinity tag. Suitable reporter proteins include, for example, green fluorescent protein (GFP), alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase and luciferase. Affinity tags include, but are not limited to, polyhistidine, avidin, streptavidin and biotin.

The sample is optionally a biological sample. As used herein, a biological sample subjected to testing is a sample derived from a subject such as a mammal or human and includes, but is not limited to, any biological fluid, including a bodily fluid. Examples of bodily fluids include, but are not limited to, whole blood, serum, urine, saliva, tissue infiltrate, pleural effusions, lung lavage fluid, and the like. The biological fluid includes a cell culture medium or supernatant of cultured cells. For example, the sample can be a blood sample or a serum sample. Optionally, the sample is a liquid sample, such as water or other agents used, for example, in research or clinical laboratories or hospitals. Optionally, the sample is an environmental sample including, but not limited to, fluid, waste, water and rain samples. Optionally, the environmental sample is obtained from a surface, for example, in a hospital, for analysis in the provided methods. For example, a sample can be obtained from a device used in a hospital, clinical or laboratory setting and analyzed for the presence of gram negative bacteria. Optionally, the sample is diluted in solution prior to analysis. Optionally, the sample to be tested comprises a polypeptide in need of degradation. Thus, for example, the sample comprises a polypeptide that inhibits standard endotoxin assays, for example, a serine protease inhibitor.

As used herein, acid, acidic, aspartic or aspartic acid proteases refer to proteases active at low pH. For example, the protease is active at a pH from about 0.0 to about 6.0 or any pH between 0.0 and 6.0, inclusive. Such proteases are inactive at a pH of about 6.0 to about 14.0. As used herein, an inactive acidic protease refers to a protease without protealytic activity (i.e., a protease that is unable to cleave an amino acid sequence such as a polypeptide or protein). As used herein, an active acidic protease refers to a protease with protealytic activity (i.e., a protease that is able to cleave an amino acid sequence). By way of example, an active acidic protease can be inactivated by a pH of 6.5 or higher (i.e., the protease is in a solution with a pH of 6.5 or higher). The pH of a solution can be altered by addition of chemicals to a solution. For example, hydrochloric acid can be used to reduce pH and sodium hydroxide can be used to raise pH. Phosphoric acid can be used to maintain a pH of about 6.5. Optionally, a pepsin inhibitor is used to inactivate pepsin. Pepsin inhibitors include, but are not limited to, acetamidine, N-acetyl-D-phenyalanyl-L-diiodotyrosine, N-acetyl-L-phenyalanyl-D-phenylalaine, p-aminobenzamidine, benzamidine, butyamine, diazoketones, ethylamine, pepstatin, and phenylactamidine.

Acid or acidic proteases, such as endopeptidases, are known and have been grouped into three families, namely, pepsin (A1), retropepsin (A2), and enzymes from pararetroviruses (A3). The members of families A1 and A2 are known to be related to each other, while those of family A3 show some relatedness to A1 and A2. Microbial acid proteases exhibit specificity against aromatic or bulky amino acid residues on both sides of the peptide bond, which is similar to pepsin, but their action is less stringent than that of pepsin. Acid proteases include microbial, fungal, viral, animal and plant acidic proteases. Microbial aspartic proteases can be broadly divided into two groups, (i) pepsin-like enzymes produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, and Neurospora and (ii) rennin-like enzymes produced by Endothia and Mucor spp (Rao et al., Microbiology and Molecular Biology 62(3):597-635 (1998); Richter et al., Biochem. J. 335:481-90 (1998)). Examples of acidic proteases include, but are not limited to, pepsins, including pepsins A, B and C; rennin; chymosin; plasmepsin; cathepsins, such as, for example, cathepsin D and cathepsin E; human urinary acid protease; and viral proteases like HIV protease. Fungal proteases include, but are not limited to, fungal proteases derived from Neurospora oryzae, Mucor pusillus, Mucor miehei, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus chinensis, or Endothia parasitica. Microbial proteases include, but are not limited to, yeast proteinase A, aspergillopepsinogen, rhizopuspepsin, penicillopepsin, and endothiapepsin.

Kits for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide are provided. The kits comprise an acidic protease. The kits also comprise one or more amebocyte lysates and/or one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides. Optionally, the lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides of an amebocyte lysate. Optionally, the amebocyte lysate is selected from the group consisting of lysates of Limulus polyphemus, Tachypleus tridentatus, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Tachypleus gigas. As discussed above, the acidic protease can be any acidic protease. For example, the acidic protease is selected from the group consisting of pepsin, rennin, chymosin, plasmepsin, cathepsin D, cathepsin E, human urinary acid protease, HIV protease, Neurospora oryzae protease, Mucor pusillus protease, Mucor miehei protease, Aspergillus niger protease, Rhizopus chinensis protease, Endothia parasitica protease, yeast proteinase A, aspergillopepsinogen, rhizopuspepsin, penicillopepsin, and endothiapepsin. As also discussed above, the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are, for example, polypeptides comprising a lipopolysaccharide binding domain of a Factor C protein. The kits optionally comprise solid supports such as, for example, a column, plate, chip, or mobile solid support. The mobile solid support is, for example, a magnetic or fluorescent bead. Optionally, the kits further comprising one or more buffers, such as, for example, a digestion buffer. Optionally, the one or more amebocyte lysates and acidic protease are in the same or separate containers. Optionally, the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides and the acidic protease are in the same or separate containers. Optionally, the acidic protease is inactive. Optionally, the kits comprise an active acidic protease and an inactive acidic protease, wherein the active acidic protease is the same as or different from the inactive acidic protease. Thus, for example, if the proteases are different, the active protease is pepsin and the inactive protease is chymosin.

Disclosed are materials, compositions, and components that can be used for, can be used in conjunction with, can be used in preparation of, or are products of the disclosed methods and compositions. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that, while specific reference to each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these compounds may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a method is disclosed and discussed and a number of modifications can be made to materials used in the method or in the steps of the method, each and every combination and permutation of the method and the modifications that are possible are specifically contemplated unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and disclosed. Thus, if there is a variety of additional steps that can be performed in a method, it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific method steps or combination of method steps of the disclosed methods, and that each such combination or subset of combinations is specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed. Thus, a number of aspects have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made. Furthermore, when one characteristic or step is described, it can be combined with any other characteristic or step herein even if the combination is not explicitly stated. Accordingly, all combination of disclosed agents, steps and characteristics are provided even in the absence of explicit disclosure herein.

Ranges may be expressed herein as from about one particular value, and/or to about another particular value. When such a range is expressed, this includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent about, it will be understood that the particular value is disclosed.

Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application.

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compounds, compositions, articles, devices and/or methods claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of the methods and materials provided herein.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Use of Pepsin to Enhance Methods of Detecting Endotoxin in a Sample

The following experiments compared the recovery of native or endogenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a protein sample before and after digestion with pepsin. Several proteins are known to bind LPS and affect their ability to be properly measured. Treatment of such samples with pepsin via the following protocol increases the accuracy of Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) and recombinant Factor C (rFC) assays as well as cytokine ELISA assays. The protocol outlines the procedure used to evaluate a peptide sample (Peptide X) and a protein sample (bovine serum albumin (BSA)). Both Peptide X and BSA contained negligible amounts of endogenous LPS, so a defined amount of E. coli O55:B5 LPS was added.

Pepsin Stock Preparation. To create a 5% pepsin stock solution, 250 mg of pepsin was added to 5 ml of digestion buffer (20 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.5). This mixture was vortexed for several minutes until all of the pepsin went into solution. The pepsin was then stored at 4° C.

LPS Stock Preparation. To create different concentrations of LPS stock solutions, 1 ml of endotoxin-free water was added to a 5 mg vial of E. coli O55:B5 LPS to create a 5 mg/ml (50,000,000 Endotoxin Units (EU)/ml) stock solution. This mixture was vortexed for several minutes until all of the LPS went into solution. To create a 500,000 EU/ml solution, 10 μl of the 5 mg/ml LPS solution was added to 990 μl of endotoxin-free water. To create a 50,000 EU/ml solution, 100 μl of the 5 mg/ml LPS solution was added to 900 μl of endotoxin-free water. To create a 10,000 EU/ml solution, 200 μl of the 5 mg/ml LPS solution was added to 800 μl of endotoxin-free water.

Peptide X and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Sample Preparation. Since Peptide X contained a negligible amount of endogenous LPS, a defined amount of E. coli O55:B5 LPS was added to carry out the experiment. Peptide X was obtained as a 20 mg/ml stock solution. A 0.1 mg/ml Peptide X, 250 EU/mL LPS solution was made by adding 10 μl of the 20 mg/ml Peptide X solution and 10 μl of the 50,000 EU/ml LPS stock solution to 1980 μl of digestion buffer (20 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.5).

Pepsin digestion, preparation for PyroGene® assay (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland) and PyroGene® assay (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland). Pepsin digestion occurs at 37° C. To perform these experiments, a water bath was set to 37° C. To assay different time points, 270 μl of the Peptide X and LPS solution was aliquoted into six endotoxin-free glass dilution tubes. 30 μl of 5% pepsin were added to each sample, and the sample was vortexed. The samples were incubated at 37° C. for 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. A control sample was treated with 30 μl of digestion buffer instead of pepsin and was not incubated at 37° C. The 0 minute time point sample was mixed with pepsin but was not incubated at 37° C.

The samples were then diluted 100-fold in endotoxin-free water. Briefly, 50 μl of each sample was diluted in 450 μl of endotoxin-free water for a 1:10 dilution, and 50 μl of the 1:10 dilution was diluted in 450 μl of endotoxin-free water for a 1:100 dilution. Thus the final concentrations of the samples was 1:100.

The PyroGene® assay (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland) was carried out according to manufacturer's protocols. LPS standards were created according to manufacturer's protocols. Each sample was tested both with and without a 1 EU/ml Positive Product Control (PPC) LPS spike. Samples with a 1 EU/ml PPC LPS spike were created by taking 45 μl of the sample and adding 5 μl of 10 EU/ml LPS. Each sample was added to 50 μl of PyroGene® working reagent (20 μl of recombinant Factor C (rFC) assay buffer, 5 μl rFC enzyme solution, and 25 μl fluorogenic substrate). The sample and working reagent were added to a single well of a Corning® (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences; Lowell, Mass.) 3604 Assay Plate and incubated in a BioTek Synergy 2 Plate Reader (BioTek; Winooski, Vt.) at 37° C. Fluorescence readings were made at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minute time points. Results are shown in Table 1 and FIG. 1.

TABLE 1 Fluorescence data at 60 minute PyroGene ® (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland) incubation. Digestion Measured LPS 1 EU/ml PPC [Pepsin] Time Content Recovery   0% 0′  0 EU/ml    0 EU/ml 0.5% 0′  75 EU/ml 0.631 EU/ml 0.5% 30′ 136 EU/ml 0.755 EU/ml 0.5% 60′ 140 EU/ml 0.726 EU/ml 0.5% 120′ 154 EU/ml 0.652 EU/ml Data were gathered for Peptide X and LPS samples tested with and without a 1 EU/ml PPC LPS spike. Without pepsin there is a 0% recovery indicating a complete assay inhibition with intact Peptide X. Upon addition of pepsin, Peptide X is degraded and PPC recovery increases to as much as 75%.

BSA and LPS Sample Preparation. Since BSA contains a negligible amount of endogenous LPS, a defined amount of E. coli O55:B5 LPS was added to carry out the experiment. A 1 mg/ml BSA, 100 EU/ml LPS solution was made by adding 20 μl of a 100 mg/ml BSA solution and 20 μl of a 10,000 EU/ml LPS stock solution to 1960 μl of digestion buffer (20 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.5).

Pepsin digestion, preparation for PyroGene® assay (Lonza; Basel Switzerland), and PyroGene® assay (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland). The pepsin digestion, preparation for PyroGene® assay (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland), and the PyroGene® assay (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland) were carried out as described above for the Peptide X and LPS sample. Results are shown in Table 2 and FIG. 2.

TABLE 2 Fluorescence data at 60 minute PyroGene ® (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland) incubation. [Pepsin] Digestion Time Measured LPS Content   0% 0′ 58 EU/ml 0.5% 15′ 67 EU/ml 0.5% 30′ 68 EU/ml 0.5% 60′ 70 EU/ml 0.5% 120′ 77 EU/ml Data were gathered for BSA and LPS samples treated with pepsin. The sample with untreated BSA and LPS showed 58 EU/ml. Addition of pepsin increased LPS recovery to 77 EU/ml, indicating a 33% increase in sensitivity.

Example 2 Use of Pepsin to Increase Sensitivity of Methods of Detecting Endotoxin

The following experiments compare a series of LPS dilutions in water to a similar series containing a defined amount of pepsin. This data shows pepsin enhances the activity of the rFC Enzyme in the Lonza PyroGene® assay and results in an increase in sensitivity. This allows LPS detection below the current 0.01 EU/ml LPS concentration.

Pepsin Stock Preparation. To create a 5% stock solution of pepsin, 250 mg of pepsin was dissolved in 5 ml of digestion buffer (20 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.5). The mixture was vortexed until all the pepsin went into solution. The 5% pepsin solution was stored at 4° C.

LPS Sample Preparation. To create a series of LPS dilutions, a Lonza® (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland) LPS stock (20 EU/ml) was serially diluted. A 10 EU/ml LPS solution was created by diluting 200 μl of water with 200 μl of Lonza® stock (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland) for a final volume of 400 μl. A 1 EU/ml LPS solution was created by adding 50 μl of the 10 EU/ml LPS solution to 450 μl of water for a final volume of 500 μl. A 0.1 EU/ml LPS solution was created by adding 50 μl of the 1 EU/ml LPS solution to 450 μl of water for a final volume of 500 μl. A 0.01 EU/ml LPS solution was created by adding 50 μl of a 0.1 EU/ml LPS solution to 450 μl of water for a final volume of 500 μl.

LPS and Pepsin Sample Preparation. To create the same series of LPS dilutions that also contain 0.05% pepsin, two stock solutions of pepsin were made. A 0.1% stock solution of pepsin was made by adding 196 μl of water to 4 μl of 5% pepsin for a final volume of 200 μl. A 0.05% stock solution of pepsin was made by adding 1782 μl of water with 18 μl of 5% pepsin for a final volume of 1800 μl. 200 μl of the 0.1 % pepsin solution was added to 200 μl of Lonzag (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland) LPS stock (20 EU/ml) to give 400 μl of a 10 EU/ml LPS, 0.05% pepsin solution. The 0.05% stock solution of pepsin was divided equally (450 μl) into 4 tubes. A 1 EU/ml LPS, 0.05% pepsin solution was created by adding 50 μl of the 10 EU/ml LPS, 0.05% pepsin solution to 450 μl of a 0.05% pepsin solution. A 0.1 EU/ml LPS, 0.05% pepsin solution was created by adding 50 μl of the 1 EU/mi LPS, 0.05% pepsin solution to 450 μl of a 0.05% pepsin solution. A 0.01 EU/ml LPS, 0.05% pepsin solution was created by adding 50 μl of the 0.1 EU/ml LPS, 0.05% pepsin solution to 450 μl of a 0.05% pepsin solution. A 0.001 EU/ml LPS, 0.05% pepsin solution was created by adding 50 μl of the 0.01 EU/ml LPS, 0.05% pepsin solution to 450 μl of a 0.05% pepsin solution.

PyroGene® assay (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland). To test the endotoxin content of the samples prepared above, the PyroGene® assay (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland) was performed according to the manufacturer's specifications. Briefly, 50 μl of each sample was mixed with 50 μl of Pyrogene® (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland) working reagent (20 μl rFC assay buffer, 5 μl rFC enzyme solution, and 25 μl fluorogenic substrate) and was added to a single well of a Corning® (Corning Incorporated Life Sciences; Lowell, Mass.) 3604 Assay Plate. The plate was incubated in a BioTek Synergy 2 Plate Reader (BioTek; Winooski, Vt.) at 37° C. and fluorescence readings were taken at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minute time points. Results are shown in Table 3 and in FIG. 3.

TABLE 3 Fluorescence data at 60 minute PyroGene ® (Lonza; Basel, Switzerland) incubation. Sample Fluorescence   10 EU/ml in water 1,012,941    1 EU/ml in water 214,209  0.1 EU/ml in water 67,374  0.01 EU/ml in water 52,604   10 EU/ml in water with 0.05% Pepsin 3,161,479    1 EU/ml in water with 0.05% Pepsin 586,139  0.1 EU/ml in water with 0.05% Pepsin 140,712  0.01 EU/ml in water with 0.05% Pepsin 83,678 0.001 EU/ml in water with 0.05% Pepsin 76,873 Water 52,096 Data were gathered for serial dilutions of untreated and treated LPS samples. Samples were treated with 0.05% pepsin. Treated samples were more sensitive to recombinant Factor C as evidenced by the increase in fluorescence. 

1. A method for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a sample comprising the steps of: (a) contacting the sample with one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides in the presence of an inactive acidic protease; and (b) determining whether the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides bind to the sample, binding indicating the sample contains gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the acidic protease is pepsin.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the acidic protease is selected from the group consisting of a fungal acidic protease, a microbial acidic protease and an animal acidic protease.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the acidic protease is selected from the group consisting of rennin, chymosin, plasmepsin, cathepsin D, cathepsin E, human urinary acid protease, HIV protease, Neurospora oryzae protease, Mucor pusillus protease, Mucor miehei protease, Aspergillus niger protease, Rhizopus chinensis protease, Endothia parasitica protease, yeast proteinase A, aspergillopepsinogen, rhizopuspepsin, penicillopepsin, and endothiapepsin.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising inactivating the acidic protease prior to step (a).
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting the sample with an active acidic protease under conditions that result in degradation of the proteins in the sample prior to step (a).
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein a digestion buffer comprises the active acidic protease.
 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising inactivating the acidic protease prior to step (a) but after contacting the sample with active acidic protease.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the acidic protease is inactivated by a pH of about 7.0.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides of an amebocyte lysate.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the amebocyte lysate is selected from the group consisting of lysates of Limulus polyphemus, Tachypleus tridentatus, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Tachypleus gigas.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are polypeptides comprising a lipopolysaccharide binding domain of a Factor C protein.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the polypeptides comprising a lipopolysaccharide binding domain of a Factor C protein are selected from the group consisting of amino acids 1-333 of a Factor C protein, a sushi-1 peptide, a sushi-1Δ peptide, a sushi-3 peptide, a sushi-3Δ peptide, a sushi 4 peptide, and a sushi 5 peptide.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides further comprise a reporter protein or an affinity tag.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the reporter protein is selected from the group consisting of green fluorescent protein (GFP), alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, and luciferase.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the affinity tag is polyhistidine, avidin, streptavidin or biotin.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are detectably labeled.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the detectable label is a fluorescent label.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the sample with the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides comprises contacting the sample with a dimer or a tetramer comprising a lipopolysaccharide binding domain of a Factor C protein.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the dimer or tetramer comprises a sushi peptide.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the sushi peptide is selected from the group consisting of a sushi 1 peptide, a sushi 2 peptide, a sushi 3 peptide, a sushi 1Δ peptide, a sushi 4 peptide, a sushi 5 peptide and a sushi 3Δ peptide.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are coupled to a solid support.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the solid support is a column or plate.
 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the solid support is a mobile solid support.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the mobile solid support is a magnetic bead.
 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the mobile solid support is a fluorescent bead.
 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample is a biological sample.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the biological sample is selected from the group consisting of plasma, blood, serum, urine and saliva.
 29. A method for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a sample comprising the steps of: (a) contacting the sample with an active acidic protease under conditions that result in degradation of the proteins in the sample; (b) further contacting the sample with an amebocyte lysate; and (c) determining whether a gelation reaction occurs in the amebocyte lysate, a gelation reaction indicating the sample contains gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the amebocyte lysate is selected from the group consisting of lysates of Limulus polyphemus, Tachypleus tridentatus, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Tachypleus gigas.
 31. A kit for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a sample comprising an amebocyte lysate and an acidic protease.
 32. The kit of claim 31, wherein the amebocyte lysate is selected from the group consisting of lysates of Limulus polyphemus, Tachypleus tridentatus, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Tachypleus gigas.
 33. The kit of claim 31, wherein the acidic protease is pepsin.
 34. The kit of claim 31, wherein the acidic protease is selected from the group consisting of rennin, chymosin, plasmepsin, cathepsin D, cathepsin E, human urinary acid protease, HIV protease, Neurospora oryzae protease, Mucor pusillus protease, Mucor miehei protease, Aspergillus niger protease, Rhizopus chinensis protease, Endothia parasitica protease, yeast proteinase A, aspergillopepsinogen, rhizopuspepsin, penicillopepsin, and endothiapepsin.
 35. A kit for detecting gram negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a sample comprising one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides and an acidic protease.
 36. The kit of claim 35, wherein the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides of an amebocyte lysate.
 37. The kit of claim 35, wherein the amebocyte lysate is selected from the group consisting of lysates of Limulus polyphemus, Tachypleus tridentatus, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Tachypleus gigas.
 38. The kit of claim 35, wherein the acidic protease is pepsin.
 39. The kit of claim 35, wherein the acidic protease is selected from the group consisting of rennin, chymosin, plasmepsin, cathepsin D, cathepsin E, human urinary acid protease, HIV protease, Neurospora oryzae protease, Mucor pusillus protease, Mucor miehei protease, Aspergillus niger protease, Rhizopus chinensis protease, Endothia parasitica protease, yeast proteinase A, aspergillopepsinogen, rhizopuspepsin, penicillopepsin, and endothiapepsin.
 40. The kit of claim 35, wherein the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are polypeptides comprising a lipopolysaccharide binding domain of a Factor C protein.
 41. The kit of claim 40, wherein the polypeptides comprising a lipopolysaccharide binding domain of a Factor C protein are selected from the group consisting of a sushi-1 peptide, a sushi-1Δ peptide, a sushi-3 peptide, a sushi-3Δ peptide, a sushi 4 peptide, and a sushi 5 peptide.
 42. The kit of claim 40, wherein the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides further comprise a reporter protein or an affinity tag.
 43. The kit of claim 42, wherein the reporter protein is selected from the group consisting of green fluorescent protein (GFP), alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, and luciferase.
 44. The kit of claim 42, wherein the affinity tag is polyhistidine or biotin.
 45. The kit of claim 35, wherein the lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are detectably labeled.
 46. The kit of claim 45, wherein the detectable label is a fluorescent label.
 47. The kit of claim 35, wherein the lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are a dimer or a tetramer comprising the lipopolysaccharide binding domain of a Factor C protein.
 48. The kit of claim 47, wherein the dimer or tetramer comprises a sushi peptide.
 49. The kit of claim 48, wherein the sushi peptide is selected from the group consisting of a sushi 1 peptide, a sushi 2 peptide, a sushi 3 peptide, a sushi 1Δ peptide, a sushi 4 peptide, a sushi 5 peptide and a sushi 3Δ peptide.
 50. The kit of claim 35, wherein the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides are coupled to a solid support.
 51. The kit of claim 50, wherein the solid support is a column or plate.
 52. The kit of claim 50, wherein the solid support is a mobile solid support.
 53. The kit of claim 52, wherein the mobile solid support is a magnetic bead.
 54. The kit of claim 52, wherein the mobile solid support is a fluorescent bead.
 55. The kit of claim 35, further comprising one or more buffers.
 56. The kit of claim 55, wherein the buffer is a digestion buffer.
 57. The kit of claim 35, wherein the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides and the acidic protease are in separate containers.
 58. The kit of claim 35, wherein the one or more lipopolysaccharide binding polypeptides and the acidic protease are in the same container.
 59. The kit of claim 35, wherein the acidic protease is and inactive acidic protease.
 60. The kit of claim 35, further comprising an inactive acidic protease. 